SQLAlchemy Dialect for BigQuery

|GA| |pypi| |versions|

SQLALchemy Dialects_

• Dialect Documentation_
• Product Documentation_

.. |GA| image:: https://img.shields.io/badge/support-GA-gold.svg :target: https://github.com/googleapis/google-cloud-python/blob/main/README.rst#general-availability .. |pypi| image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/sqlalchemy-bigquery.svg :target: https://pypi.org/project/sqlalchemy-bigquery/ .. |versions| image:: https://img.shields.io/pypi/pyversions/sqlalchemy-bigquery.svg :target: https://pypi.org/project/sqlalchemy-bigquery/ .. _SQLAlchemy Dialects: https://docs.sqlalchemy.org/en/14/dialects/ .. _Dialect Documentation: https://googleapis.dev/python/sqlalchemy-bigquery/latest .. _Product Documentation: https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/docs/

Quick Start

In order to use this library, you first need to go through the following steps:

1. Select or create a Cloud Platform project._
2. [Optional] Enable billing for your project._
3. Enable the BigQuery Storage API._
4. Setup Authentication._

.. _Select or create a Cloud Platform project.: https://console.cloud.google.com/project .. _Enable billing for your project.: https://cloud.google.com/billing/docs/how-to/modify-project#enable_billing_for_a_project .. _Enable the BigQuery Storage API.: https://console.cloud.google.com/apis/library/bigquery.googleapis.com .. _Setup Authentication.: https://googleapis.dev/python/google-api-core/latest/auth.html

Installation

Install this library in a virtualenv_ using pip. virtualenv_ is a tool to create isolated Python environments. The basic problem it addresses is one of dependencies and versions, and indirectly permissions.

With virtualenv_, it's possible to install this library without needing system install permissions, and without clashing with the installed system dependencies.

.. _virtualenv: https://virtualenv.pypa.io/en/latest/

Supported Python Versions ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Python >= 3.10, <= 3.14

Unsupported Python Versions ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Python <= 3.9

Mac/Linux ^^^^^^^^^

.. code-block:: console

pip install virtualenv
virtualenv <your-env>
source <your-env>/bin/activate
<your-env>/bin/pip install sqlalchemy-bigquery

Windows ^^^^^^^

.. code-block:: console

pip install virtualenv
virtualenv <your-env>
<your-env>\Scripts\activate
<your-env>\Scripts\pip.exe install sqlalchemy-bigquery

Installations when processing large datasets ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

When handling large datasets, you may see speed increases by also installing the bqstorage dependencies. See the instructions above about creating a virtual environment and then install sqlalchemy-bigquery using the bqstorage extras:

.. code-block:: console

source <your-env>/bin/activate
<your-env>/bin/pip install sqlalchemy-bigquery[bqstorage]

Usage

SQLAlchemy ^^^^^^^^^^

.. code-block:: python

from sqlalchemy import *
from sqlalchemy.engine import create_engine
from sqlalchemy.schema import *
engine = create_engine('bigquery://project')
table = Table('dataset.table', MetaData(bind=engine), autoload=True)
print(select([func.count('*')], from_obj=table().scalar()))

Project ^^^^^^^

project in bigquery://project is used to instantiate BigQuery client with the specific project ID. To infer project from the environment, use bigquery:// – without project

Authentication ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Follow the Google Cloud library guide <https://google-cloud-python.readthedocs.io/en/latest/core/auth.html>_ for authentication.

Alternatively, you can choose either of the following approaches:

• provide the path to a service account JSON file in create_engine() using the credentials_path parameter:

.. code-block:: python

# provide the path to a service account JSON file
engine = create_engine('bigquery://', credentials_path='/path/to/keyfile.json')

• pass the credentials in create_engine() as a Python dictionary using the credentials_info parameter:

.. code-block:: python

# provide credentials as a Python dictionary
credentials_info = {
    "type": "service_account", 
    "project_id": "your-service-account-project-id"
}
engine = create_engine('bigquery://', credentials_info=credentials_info)

Location ^^^^^^^^

To specify location of your datasets pass location to create_engine():

.. code-block:: python

engine = create_engine('bigquery://project', location="asia-northeast1")

Table names ^^^^^^^^^^^

To query tables from non-default projects or datasets, use the following format for the SQLAlchemy schema name: [project.]dataset, e.g.:

.. code-block:: python

# If neither dataset nor project are the default
sample_table_1 = Table('natality', schema='bigquery-public-data.samples')
# If just dataset is not the default
sample_table_2 = Table('natality', schema='bigquery-public-data')

Batch size ^^^^^^^^^^

By default, arraysize is set to 5000. arraysize is used to set the batch size for fetching results. To change it, pass arraysize to create_engine():

.. code-block:: python

engine = create_engine('bigquery://project', arraysize=1000)

Page size for dataset.list_tables ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

By default, list_tables_page_size is set to 1000. list_tables_page_size is used to set the max_results for dataset.list_tables_ operation. To change it, pass list_tables_page_size to create_engine():

.. _dataset.list_tables: https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/docs/reference/rest/v2/tables/list .. code-block:: python

engine = create_engine('bigquery://project', list_tables_page_size=100)

Adding a Default Dataset ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

If you want to have the Client use a default dataset, specify it as the "database" portion of the connection string.

.. code-block:: python

engine = create_engine('bigquery://project/dataset')

When using a default dataset, don't include the dataset name in the table name, e.g.:

.. code-block:: python

table = Table('table_name')

Note that specifying a default dataset doesn't restrict execution of queries to that particular dataset when using raw queries, e.g.:

.. code-block:: python

# Set default dataset to dataset_a
engine = create_engine('bigquery://project/dataset_a')

# This will still execute and return rows from dataset_b
engine.execute('SELECT * FROM dataset_b.table').fetchall()

Connection String Parameters ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

There are many situations where you can't call create_engine directly, such as when using tools like Flask SQLAlchemy <http://flask-sqlalchemy.pocoo.org/2.3/>. For situations like these, or for situations where you want the Client to have a default_query_job_config <https://googlecloudplatform.github.io/google-cloud-python/latest/bigquery/generated/google.cloud.bigquery.client.Client.html#google.cloud.bigquery.client.Client>, you can pass many arguments in the query of the connection string.

The credentials_path, credentials_info, credentials_base64, location, arraysize and list_tables_page_size parameters are used by this library, and the rest are used to create a QueryJobConfig <https://googlecloudplatform.github.io/google-cloud-python/latest/bigquery/generated/google.cloud.bigquery.job.QueryJobConfig.html#google.cloud.bigquery.job.QueryJobConfig>_

Note that if you want to use query strings, it will be more reliable if you use three slashes, so 'bigquery:///?a=b' will work reliably, but 'bigquery://?a=b' might be interpreted as having a "database" of ?a=b, depending on the system being used to parse the connection string.

Here are examples of all the supported arguments. Any not present are either for legacy sql (which isn't supported by this library), or are too complex and are not implemented.

.. code-block:: python

engine = create_engine(
    'bigquery://some-project/some-dataset' '?'
    'credentials_path=/some/path/to.json' '&'
    'location=some-location' '&'
    'arraysize=1000' '&'
    'list_tables_page_size=100' '&'
    'clustering_fields=a,b,c' '&'
    'create_disposition=CREATE_IF_NEEDED' '&'
    'destination=different-project.different-dataset.table' '&'
    'destination_encryption_configuration=some-configuration' '&'
    'dry_run=true' '&'
    'labels=a:b,c:d' '&'
    'maximum_bytes_billed=1000' '&'
    'priority=INTERACTIVE' '&'
    'schema_update_options=ALLOW_FIELD_ADDITION,ALLOW_FIELD_RELAXATION' '&'
    'use_query_cache=true' '&'
    'write_disposition=WRITE_APPEND'
)

In cases where you wish to include the full credentials in the connection URI you can base64 the credentials JSON file and supply the encoded string to the credentials_base64 parameter.

.. code-block:: python

engine = create_engine(
    'bigquery://some-project/some-dataset' '?'
    'credentials_base64=eyJrZXkiOiJ2YWx1ZSJ9Cg==' '&'
    'location=some-location' '&'
    'arraysize=1000' '&'
    'list_tables_page_size=100' '&'
    'clustering_fields=a,b,c' '&'
    'create_disposition=CREATE_IF_NEEDED' '&'
    'destination=different-project.different-dataset.table' '&'
    'destination_encryption_configuration=some-configuration' '&'
    'dry_run=true' '&'
    'labels=a:b,c:d' '&'
    'maximum_bytes_billed=1000' '&'
    'priority=INTERACTIVE' '&'
    'schema_update_options=ALLOW_FIELD_ADDITION,ALLOW_FIELD_RELAXATION' '&'
    'use_query_cache=true' '&'
    'write_disposition=WRITE_APPEND'
)

To create the base64 encoded string you can use the command line tool base64, or openssl base64, or python -m base64.

Alternatively, you can use an online generator like www.base64encode.org <https://www.base64encode.org>_ to paste your credentials JSON file to be encoded.

Supplying Your Own BigQuery Client ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

The above connection string parameters allow you to influence how the BigQuery client used to execute your queries will be instantiated. If you need additional control, you can supply a BigQuery client of your own:

.. code-block:: python

from google.cloud import bigquery

custom_bq_client = bigquery.Client(...)

engine = create_engine(
    'bigquery://some-project/some-dataset?user_supplied_client=True',
    connect_args={'client': custom_bq_client},
)

Creating tables ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

To add metadata to a table:

.. code-block:: python

table = Table('mytable', ...,
    bigquery_description='my table description',
    bigquery_friendly_name='my table friendly name',
    bigquery_default_rounding_mode="ROUND_HALF_EVEN",
    bigquery_expiration_timestamp=datetime.datetime.fromisoformat("2038-01-01T00:00:00+00:00"),
)

To add metadata to a column:

.. code-block:: python

Column('mycolumn', doc='my column description')

To create a clustered table:

.. code-block:: python

table = Table('mytable', ..., bigquery_clustering_fields=["a", "b", "c"])

To create a time-unit column-partitioned table:

.. code-block:: python

from google.cloud import bigquery

table = Table('mytable', ...,
    bigquery_time_partitioning=bigquery.TimePartitioning(
        field="mytimestamp",
        type_="MONTH",
        expiration_ms=1000 * 60 * 60 * 24 * 30 * 6, # 6 months
    ),
    bigquery_require_partition_filter=True,
)

To create an ingestion-time partitioned table:

.. code-block:: python

from google.cloud import bigquery

table = Table('mytable', ...,
    bigquery_time_partitioning=bigquery.TimePartitioning(),
    bigquery_require_partition_filter=True,
)

To create an integer-range partitioned table

.. code-block:: python

from google.cloud import bigquery

table = Table('mytable', ...,
    bigquery_range_partitioning=bigquery.RangePartitioning(
        field="zipcode",
        range_=bigquery.PartitionRange(start=0, end=100000, interval=10),
    ),
    bigquery_require_partition_filter=True,
)

Threading and Multiprocessing ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Because this client uses the grpc library, it's safe to share instances across threads.

In multiprocessing scenarios, the best practice is to create client instances after the invocation of os.fork by multiprocessing.pool.Pool or multiprocessing.Process.